黄石地区男性不育症患者支原体培养及药敏分析

为了解黄石地区男性不育症患者泌尿生殖系统支原体感染状况及其耐药性,采用支原体分离培养鉴定与药敏试验试剂盒,对男性不育患者精液进行支原体分离培养鉴定及药敏试验。结果为：108例男性不育患者支原体培养阳性42例,阳性率为38．9％,其中解脲支原体（ uu）阳性32例,阳性率为29．6％;混合型支原体7例,阳性率为6．5％;人型支原体（mh）3例,阳性率为2．8％。对照组48例,其中解脲支原体3例,阳性率为6．2％,经统计学处理,x2＝17．25,P ＜0．01,有显著性差异。支原体对药物敏感的为交沙霉素、强力霉素和美满霉素,耐药率较高的是环丙沙星、罗红霉素和氧氟沙星。支原体感染是男性不育的一个重要因素,在诊疗过程中应综合考虑本地区流行情况及药敏试验,合理选择抗生素。     

Measuring poverty with noisy and corrected estimates of annual consumption: Evidence from Nigeria

An opportunity to improve measurement and modelling of poverty in Africa arises from recent intra‐year panel surveys that observe household consumption in post‐planting and post‐harvest periods. Observing the same household twice lets an intra‐year correlation be estimated, which can be used to form a corrected estimate of annual consumption. The usual approach surveys consumption for just one short period, like a week or month, and extrapolates to an annual total. This may adequately estimate mean annual consumption for samples spread over a year but overstates dispersion. The resulting noise in consumption estimates inflates measures of poverty and inequality and creates misclassification errors that bias logit and probit models of poverty determinants. This study uses data from the 2012/2013 Nigeria General Household Survey panel to show effects on poverty measures of using annual estimates extrapolated from short‐period surveys. With the corrected extrapolation method that uses intra‐year correlations to adjust for inflated variances, Nigeria's poverty headcount rate falls by one half. Hence, much of the poverty measured in cross‐sectional surveys is transient poverty, for which different policy interventions are needed than for alleviating chronic poverty.     

Economic and quality of life burden of anemia on patients with CKD on dialysis: a systematic review

Abstract

Aims: The overall cost and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) associated with current treatments for chronic kidney disease (CKD)-related anemia are not well characterized. A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted on the costs and HRQoL associated with current treatments for CKD-related anemia among dialysis-dependent (DD) patients.

Materials and methods: The authors searched the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, NHS EED, and NHS HTA for English-language publications. Original studies published between January 1, 2000 and March 17, 2017 meeting the following criteria were included: adult population; study focus was CKD-related anemia; included results on patients receiving iron supplementation, red blood cell transfusion, or erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs); reported results on HRQoL and/or costs. Studies which included patients with DD-CKD, did not directly compare different treatments, and had designs relevant to the objective were retained. HRQoL and cost outcomes, including healthcare resource utilization (HRU), were extracted and summarized in a narrative synthesis.

Results: A total of 1,625 publications were retrieved, 15 of which met all inclusion criteria. All identified studies included ESAs as a treatment of interest. Two randomized controlled trials reported that ESA treatment improves HRQoL relative to placebo. Across eight studies comparing HRQoL of patients achieving high vs low hemoglobin (Hb) targets, aiming for higher Hb targets with ESAs generally led to modest HRQoL improvements. Two studies reported that ESA-treated patients had lower costs and HRU compared to untreated patients. One study found that aiming for higher vs lower Hb targets led to reduced HRU, while two other reported that this led to a reduction in cost-effectiveness.

Limitations: Heterogeneity of study designs and outcomes; a meta-analysis could not be performed.

Conclusions: ESA-treated patients undergoing dialysis incurred lower costs, lower HRU, and had better HRQoL relative to ESA-untreated patients. However, treatment to higher Hb targets led to modest HRQoL improvements compared to lower Hb targets.     

基于PLC的汽车输送主副线速同步控制系统的设计

本文基于PLC、变频器、编码器组成汽车输送主、副线主从控制的双闭环随动控制系统，采用主输送线的实际运行速度作为副输送线的设定值，实现汽车输送主副线的传动速度同步、高精度稳速控制；该系统可有效抑制外部干扰，消除速度偏差，稳定程度高；实际应用效果达到设计要求。     

论石油企业的习惯性违章与安全生产管理问题

针对日常工作中的习惯性违章现象的特点、成因和危害进行了分析,对预防习惯性违章的安全生产管理措施进行了总结,为今后更好地进行生产安全管理提供了经验。     

Cost effectiveness of posaconazole in the prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in acute leukaemia patients for the French healthcare system

Abstract

Background:

Acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) patients are at high risk of suffering from invasive fungal infections (IFI). Posaconazole demonstrated higher efficacy than standard azole agents (SAA) in the prophylaxis of IFI in this population.

The authors estimated the cost effectiveness of posaconazole versus SAA in France.

Methods:

A decision-tree model was developed to compare posaconazole with SAA with the results of a published clinical trial. Clinical events were modelled with chance nodes reflecting probabilities of IFI, IFI-related death, and death from other causes. Medical resource consumption and costs were obtained from results of the clinical trial and from a dedicated survey on the costs of treating IFI using a retrospective chart review design.

Results:

IFI treatment costs were estimated using medical files from 50 AML patients from six French centres, with a proven and probable IFI, who had been followed-up for 298 days on average. Direct costs directly related to IFI were estimated at €51,033, including extra costs of index hospitalisation, costs of antifungal therapy and additional hospitalisations related to IFI treatment. The model indicated that the healthcare costs for the posaconazole strategy were €5,223 (€2,697 for prophylaxis and €2,526 for IFI management), which was €859 less than the €6,083 in costs with SAA (€469 for prophylaxis and €5614 for IFI management). A sensitivity analysis indicated that there was an 80% probability that prophylaxis using the posaconazole strategy would be superior.

Conclusion:

The findings from this analysis suggest that posaconazole use is a clinically and economically dominant strategy in the prophylaxis of IFI in AML patients, given the usual limits of economic models and the uncertainty of costs estimates.     

Costs of inpatient and emergency department care for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in an elderly Medicare population

Objective:

Treatment in the hospital setting accounts for the largest portion of healthcare costs for COPD, but there is little information about components of hospital care that contribute most to these costs. The authors determined the costs and characteristics of COPD-related hospital-based healthcare in a Medicare population.

Methods

Using administrative data from 602 hospitals, 2008 costs of COPD-related care among Medicare beneficiaries age ≥65 years were calculated for emergency department (ED) visits, simple inpatient admissions and complex admissions (categorized as intubation/no intensive care, intensive care/no intubation, and intensive care/intubation) in a cross-sectional study. Rates of death at discharge and trends in costs, length of stay and readmission rates from 2005 to 2008 also were examined.

Main results:

There were 45,421 eligible healthcare encounters in 2008. Mean costs were $679 (SD, $399) for ED visits (n = 10,322), $7,544 ($8,049) for simple inpatient admissions (n = 25,560), and $21,098 ($46,160) for complex admissions (n = 2,441). Intensive care/intubation admissions (n = 460) had the highest costs ($45,607, SD $94,794) and greatest length of stay (16.3 days, SD 13.7); intubation/no ICU admissions had the highest inpatient mortality (42.1%). In 2008, 15.4% of patients with a COPD-related ED visit had a repeat ED visit and 15.5–16.5% of those with a COPD-related admission had a readmission within 60 days. From 2005 to 2008, costs of admissions involving intubation increased 10.4–23.5%. Study limitations include the absence of objective clinical data, including spirometry and smoking history, to validate administrative data and permit identification of disease severity.

Conclusions:

In this Medicare population, COPD exacerbations and related inpatient and emergency department care represented a substantial cost burden. Admissions involving intubation were associated with the highest costs, lengths of stay and inpatient mortality. This population needs to be managed and treated adequately in order to prevent these severe events.     

健康促进与体育理念的研究分析

影响人们健康的因素,过去主要是生物因素危害人类健康,而现在主要是生活方式、环境及医疗卫生利用等因素影响着人们的健康状态,特别是生活方式已成为影响现代人健康最直接、最密切的因素。     

浅析图形创意在吉祥物中的运用

吉祥物设计设计中中图形由于其无国界性、高效率性、快节奏性等诸多优势在吉祥物设计中成为视觉传递的重要方式,因此图形成为在形式美感的吉祥物设计中以视觉传递交流为主的宣传形式。